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The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns also confirmed that Ca-rich bentonite was effectively modified into Na-bentonite since after the activation, the d(001) decreased from 1.52 nm to 1.30 nm.
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After the acid activation, the analysis data showed a significant change in the chemical composition in modified bentonite clay, compared to the raw bentonite clay. The acid activation of bentonite caused an increase in the amount of Si +4 and Ti +4; this increase could be attributed to the remobilization of cations in the octahedral or ...
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Acid activation technique was opted for modifying natural bentonite (NB) to enhance the adsorptive removal of CIP from water. The BET surface area analysis …
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Acid activation is a common chemical modification of clays, usually bentonites, with a hot solution of a mineral acid (typically HCl or H2 SO 4 ), and it is used for both scientific and industrial purposes. The aim is to obtain partly dissolved material of increased specific surface area, porosity and surface acidity.
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Results of bentonite supported studies showed that the use of heterogeneous catalysts was necessary and bentonite activation improved catalytic activity, but the application of chemical activation negatively affected lactic acid selectivity. The highest glycerol conversion (76%) has been obtained with 1 wt% Au catalyst that the …
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In soda activation, soda ash powder was added to the initially moisturized bentonite samples and kneaded till all the bentonite had reacted with soda. After soda addition and kneading, the activated samples were left to drying/curing under sunlight for a month to complete the activation process ( Harvey and Lagaly, 2006 ).
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Additionally, the amount of magnesium, calcium, potassium, and sodium ions were decreased after the treatment. These results indicated that acid-activated bentonite can be produced from RB via acid activation and that it can be used to decrease electrical conductivity of tap water.
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Studies carried out on bentonite activation . has shown that the process involves an ion-exchange . reaction as following: Ca-bentonite + NaOH/Na 2 CO 3 = Na-bentonite + Ca(OH) 2 /CaCO 3.
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Volume 20, December 2023, 100784. A systematic and comprehensive study of Eco-friendly bentonite clay application in esterification and wastewater treatment. Kuldeep …
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The bentonite clay can be utilized as natural, or after an acid activation or a mechano-chemical treatment depending on the desired application. The high-energy milling, as a physical technique for the processing of a solid-state material to produce sub-micrometer particles without altering its chemistry, is a common and frequently applied ...
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Activation of bentonite by acid is an important step for adsorption of some impurities by active clay [6]. This is so-called "activation process". The activation of bentonite is carried out in a continuous stirred tank reactor at low temperatures between 70 and 120 °C in the presence of activation agents, mostly sulfuric acid [7].
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The effect of acid activation on the textural properties of a bentonite from Serbia was investigated using response surface methodology. The influence of activation parameters (temperature, time, acid normality, solid-to-liquid ratio and stirring rate) on the specific surface area, pore volume, pore diameter and bulk density of the activated …
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Abstract. The sodium salt-assisted low temperature activation of bentonite (BB) was attempted. The unique features of the raw bentonite and BB were …
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The removal of methomyl from synthetic aqueous solutions by using Ecuadorian bentonite clays was studied. A natural clay was purified (P-C) and modified by three methods: thermal activation at 200 ...
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The activation of bentonite results in an increase in the number of active sites, increase the pore volume, increase the surface area, etc. The major process of activation is thermal and acid activation. The acid activation is mostly carried out by sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid. This activation process is carried out in a ratio of 1:3 …
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The bentonite is a widely available and abundant natural mineral, and can be a low cost adsorbent for water and wastewater treatment.This study reported here was directed towards identifying a cost-effective activation protocol for enhancing the adsorption capacity of Australian bentonite for removal of toxic contaminants in …
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The desorption activation energy (E d) of AP on the three adsorbents follow in the order: activated bentonite (115.73 kJ/mol) > activated carbon (52.51 kJ/mol) > zeolite 13X (51.23 kJ/mol). Activated bentonite exhibits the highest AP uptake due to the existence of acidic sites that can strongly interact with alkaline AP and the pore sizes that ...
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Although thermal-activation of bentonite is a straightforward process, a proper activation temperature is needed to retain the layers' structure and maintain the active adsorption sites of the bleaching bentonite clay. Thus, it is essential to have a good insight into the thermal activation mechanism of bentonite.
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The bentonite beneficiation were carried out in two stages [9]; samples were milled, screened, washed with distilled water and dried at 105 o C for 3 hr to remove moisture and volatile organics ...
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A new method of Na-activation of raw bentonite, rich in Ca-montmorillonite, consisting of combined thermal treatment at 200 °C, followed by immediate impregnation with aqueous solution of Na 2 CO 3 of concentration corresponding to 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 cation exchange capacity (CEC) of clay, was investigated. Structural and compositional evolution of the …
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Bentonite dispersions are used in many civil engineering applications. Most impressive is the diaphragm-walling technique. ... Activation of Ganga sand was done with sodium hydroxide and heat (Mritunjay and Quaff, 2021). In the same way, Sudha Rani et al. (2018) investigated laterite soil and found its use in adsorption of copper in aqueous ...
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The acid activation of an Algerian bentonite was investigated using a factorial 33 experiment design in order to improve the bleaching capacity in the colza oil processing. Optimized acid ...
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Warseisso bentonite was activated at different time periods and temperatures. Raw and activated bentonites are characterized by SEM, BET, XRD, …
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Table 1 summarizes the chemical composition of the major elements in the bentonite samples, was determined by XRF analysis, before and after the reaction. Raw bentonite consisted of 59.9 wt.% SiO 2, 15.7 wt.% Al 2 O 3, 5.8 wt.% Fe 2 O 3, 2.7 wt.% MgO, 5.0 wt.% CaO, 1.2 wt.% K 2 O, and 0.1 wt.% NaO. The concentration ratio of …
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Chemical and thermal activation methods have been used for bentonite property enhancement (Barakan & Aghazadeh 2021). In our earlier work, the performance of acid-treated bentonite for the removal of sodium from water was reported ( …
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Herein, the facile one step acid activation of bentonite derived functionalized adsorbent (AB) for the effective remediation of both ionic and non-ionic secondary pesticides, ametryn and...
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Natural bentonite activation was performed by a two-step procedure based on the work done by Toor et al. [28], thermal activation followed by acid activation. Thermal activation was conducted by
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Acid activation is performed to considerably increase the surface area of the bentonite and create additional acidic reaction sites. This treatment is useful for applications like edible oil refinement and purification of mineral oils and biofuel feedstock. Alkaline activation is performed to modify the viscosity and rheology of bentonite slurries.
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When the activation effect on suspensions was examined, it was seen that there were differences with the change of bentonite type towards Na-Ben in the represented rheological model. Rheological model results showed that RSM is the best model for determination of flow properties of the bentonite suspensions for raw and …
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Similarly, bentonite activation is a complex phenomenon that involves the substitution of exchangeable cations, Al 3+, Mg 2+, and Fe 2+ against protons from the octahedral sheet, resulting in the improvement of bleaching effectiveness, ... Bentonite, supplied by Sigma-Aldrich was applied as the raw precursor in this work. The acid modification ...
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